Nursing Vibes

Comprehensive Exam 2
Answer key is available at: http://www.4shared.com/office/WXvdkTrV/100_item_Comprehensive_Exam_wi.html?
Adobe PDF Reader is required


1. The nurse enters the room as a 3 year-old is having a generalized seizure. Which intervention should the nurse do first?
A) Clear the area of any hazards
B) Place the child on the side
C) Restrain the child
D) Give the prescribed anticonvulsant

2. A client has just returned to the medical-surgical unit following a segmental lung resection. After assessing the client, the first nursing action would be to
A) Administer pain medication
B) Suction excessive tracheobronchial secretions
C) Assist client to turn, deep breathe and cought
D) Monitor oxygen saturation

3. A nurse from the surgical department is reassigned to the pediatric unit. The charge nurse should recognize that the child at highest risk for cardiac arrest and is the least likely to be assiged to this nurse is which child?
A) Congenital cardiac defects
B) An acute febrile illness
C) Prolonged hypoxemia
D) Severe multiple trauma

4. Which of the following would be the best strategy for the nurse to use when teaching insulin injection techniques to a newly diagnosed client with diabetes?
A) Give written pre and post tests
B) Ask questions during practice
C) Allow another diabetic to assist
D) Observe a return demonstration

5. The nurse is assessing a 2 year-old client with a possible diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Which of these is most likely to be seen with this diagnosis?
A) Several otitis media episodes in the last year
B) Weight and height in 10th percentile since birth
C) Takes frequent rest periods while playing
D) Changing food preferences and dislikes

6. The nurse is reassigned to work at the Poison Control Center telephone hotline. In which of these cases of childhood poisoning would the nurse suggest that parents have the child drink orange juice?
A) An 18 month-old who ate an undetermined amount of crystal drain cleaner
B) A 14 month-old who chewed 2 leaves of a philodendron plant
C) A 20 month-old who is found sitting on the bathroom floor beside an empty bottle of diazepam (Valium)
D) A 30 month-old who has swallowed a mouthful of charcoal lighter fluid

7. A 23 year-old single client is in the 33rd week of her first pregnancy. She tells the nurse that she has everything ready for the baby and has made plans for the first weeks together at home. Which normal emotional reaction does the nurse recognize?
A) Acceptance of the pregnancy
B) Focus on fetal development
C) Anticipation of the birth
D) Ambivalence about pregnancy

8. Upon examining the mouth of a 3 year-old child, the nurse discovers that the teeth have chalky white-to-yellowish staining with pitting of the enamel. Which of the following conditions would most likely explain these findings?
A) Ingestion of tetracycline
B) Excessive fluoride intake
C) Oral iron therapy
D) Poor dental hygiene

9. Which of the following should the nurse teach the client to avoid when taking chlorpromazine HCL (Thorazine)?
A) Direct sunlight
B) Foods containing tyramine
C) Foods fermented with yeast
D) Canned citrus fruit drinks

10. The nurse is discussing dietary intake with an adolescent who has acne. The most appropriate statement for the nurse is
A) "Eat a balanced diet for your age."
B) "Increase your intake of protein and Vitamin A."
C) "Decrease fatty foods from your diet."
D) "Do not use caffeine in any form, including chocolate."

11. The nurse is caring for a child who has just returned from surgery following a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Which action by the nurse is appropriate?
A) Offer ice cream every 2 hours
B) Place the child in a supine position
C) Allow the child to drink through a straw
D) Observe swallowing patterns

12. The nurse is caring for a client with acute pancreatitis. After pain management, which intervention should be included in the plan of care?
A) Cough and deep breathe every 2 hours
B) Place the client in contact isolation
C) Provide a diet high in protein
D) Institute seizure precautions

13. The nurse is caring for a client with trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureaux). To assist the client with nutrition needs, the nurse should
A) Offer small meals of high calorie soft food
B) Assist the client to sit in a chair for meals
C) Provide additional servings of fruits and raw vegetables
D) Encourage the client to eat fish, liver and chicken

14. A client treated for depression tells the nurse at the mental health clinic that he recently purchased a handgun because he is thinking about suicide. The first nursing action should be to
A) Notify the health care provider immediately
B) Suggest in-patient psychiatric care
C) Respect the client's confidential disclosure
D) Phone the family to warn them of the risk

15. The initial response by the nurse to a delusional client who refuses to eat because of a belief that the food is poisoned is
A) "You think that someone wants to poison you?"
B) "Why do you think the food is poisoned?"
C) "These feelings are a symptom of your illness."
D) "You’re safe here. I won’t let anyone poison you."

16. A client has just been admitted with portal hypertension. Which nursing diagnosis would be a priority in planning care?
A) Altered nutrition: less than body requirements
B) Potential complication hemorrhage
C) Ineffective individual coping
D) Fluid volume excess

17. The nurse in a well-child clinic examines many children on a daily basis. Which of the following toddlers requires further follow up?
A) A 13 month-old unable to walk
B) A 20 month-old only using 2 and 3 word sentences
C) A 24 month-old who cries during examination
D) A 30 month-old only drinking from a sippy cup

18. Which of the following conditions assessed by the nurse would contraindicate the use of benztropine (Cogentin)?
A) Neuromalignant syndrome
B) Acute extrapyramidal syndrome
C) Glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy
D) Parkinson's disease, atypical tremors

19. A 15 year-old client with a lengthy confining illness is at risk for altered growth and development of which task?
A) Loss of control
B) Insecurity
C) Dependence
D) Lack of trust

20. The nurse is caring for a client with cirrhosis of the liver with ascites. When instructing nursing assistants in the care of the client, the nurse should emphasize that
A) The client should remain on bed rest in a semi-Fowler's position
B) The client should alternate ambulation with bed rest with legs elevated
C) The client may ambulate and sit in chair as tolerated
D) The client may ambulate as tolerated and remain in semi-Fowlers position in bed

21. In providing care to a 14 year-old adolescent with scoliosis, which of the following will be most difficult for this client?
A) Compliance with treatment regimens
B) Looking different from their peers
C) Lacking independence in activities
D) Reliance on family for their social support

22. The nurse is preparing to perform a physical examination on an 8 month-old who is sitting contentedly on his mother's lap. Which of the following should the nurse do first?
A) Elicit reflexes
B) Measure height and weight
C) Auscultate heart and lungs
D) Examine the ears

23. Which of these principles should the nurse apply when performing a nutritional assessment on a 2 year-old client?
A) An accurate measurement of intake is not reliable
B) The food pyramid is not used in this age group
C) A serving size at this age is about 2 tablespoons
D) Total intake varies greatly each day

24. The nurse is assessing a client with delayed wound healing. Which of the following risk factors is most important in this situation?
A) Glucose level of 120
B) History of myocardial infarction
C) Long term steroid usage
D) Diet high in carbohydrates

25. Which of the following nursing assessments indicate immediate discontinuance of an antipsychotic medication?
A) Involuntary rhythmic stereotypic movements and tongue protrusion
B) Cheek puffing, involuntary movements of extremities and trunk
C) Agitation, constant state of motion
D) Hyperpyrexia, severe muscle rigidity, malignant hypertension

26. A client with HIV infection has a secondary herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) infection. The nurse knows that the most likely cause of the HSV-1 infection in this client is
A) Immunosuppression
B) Emotional stress
C) Unprotected sexual activities
D) Contact with saliva

27. The nurse measures the head and chest circumferences of a 20 month-old infant. After comparing the measurements, the nurse finds that they are approximately the same. What action should the nurse take?
A) Notify the health care provider
B) Palpate the anterior fontanel
C) Feel the posterior fontanel
D) Record these normal findings

28. At a routine clinic visit, parents express concern that their 4 year-old is wetting the bed several times a month. What is the nurse's best response?
A) "This is normal at this time of day."
B) "How long has this been occurring?"
C) "Do you offer fluids at night?"
D) "Have you tried waking her to urinate?"

29. A client was admitted to the psychiatric unit after refusing to get out of bed. In the hospital the client talks to unseen people and voids on the floor. The nurse could best handle the problem of voiding on the floor by
A) Requiring the client to mop the floor
B) Restricting the client’s fluids throughout the day
C) Withholding privileges each time the voiding occurs
D) Toileting the client more frequently with supervision

30. The nurse is caring for a client with a sigmoid colostomy who requests assistance in removing the flatus from a 1 piece drainable ostomy pouch. Which is the correct intervention?
A) Piercing the plastic of the ostomy pouch with a pin to vent the flatus
B) Opening the bottom of the pouch, allowing the flatus to be expelled
C) Pulling the adhesive seal around the ostomy pouch to allow the flatus to escape
D) Assisting the client to ambulate to reduce the flatus in the pouch

31. The nurse is teaching parents of an infant about introduction of solid food to their baby. What is the first food they can add to the diet?
A) Vegetables
B) Cereal
C) Fruit
D) Meats

32. When counseling parents of a child who has recently been diagnosed with hemophilia, what must the nurse know about the offspring of a normal father and a carrier mother?
A) It is likely that all sons are affected
B) There is a 50% probability that sons will have the disease
C) Every daughter is likely to be a carrier
D) There is a 25% chance a daughter will be a carrier

33. When teaching a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease about oxygen by cannula, the nurse should also instruct the client's family to
A) Avoid smoking near the client
B) Turn off oxygen during meals
C) Adjust the liter flow to 10 as needed
D) Remind the client to keep mouth closed

34. The nurse is caring for a post-op colostomy client. The client begins to cry saying, "I'll never be attractive again with this ugly red thing." What should be the first action by the nurse?
A) Arrange a consultation with a sex therapist
B) Suggest sexual positions that hide the colostomy
C) Invite the partner to participate in colostomy care
D) Determine the client's understanding of her colostomy

35. A schizophrenic client talks animatedly but the staff are unable to understand what the client is communicating. The client is observed mumbling to herself and speaking to the radio. A desirable outcome for this client’s care will be
A) Expresses feelings appropriately through verbal interactions
B) Accurately interprets events and behaviors of others
C) Demonstrates improved social relationships
D) Engages in meaningful and understandable verbal communication

36. A 7 year-old child is hospitalized following a major burn to the lower extremities. A diet high in protein and carbohydrates is recommended. The nurse informs the child and family that the most important reason for this diet is to
A) Promote healing and strengthen the immune system
B) Provide a well balanced nutritional intake
C) Stimulate increased peristalsis absorption
D) Spare protein catabolism to meet metabolic needs

37. The parents of a 7 year-old tell the nurse their child has started to "tattle" on siblings. In interpreting this new behavior, how should the nurse explain the child's actions to the parents?
A) The ethical sense and feelings of justice are developing
B) Attempts to control the family use new coping styles
C) Insecurity and attention getting are common motives
D) Complex thought processes help to resolve conflicts

38. A school nurse is advising a class of unwed pregnant high school students. What is the most important action they can perform to deliver a healthy child?
A) Maintain good nutrition
B) Stay in school
C) Keep in contact with the child's father
D) Get adequate sleep

39. A client continually repeats phrases that others have just said. The nurse recognizes this behavior as
A) Autistic
B) Ecopraxic
C) Echolalic
D) Catatonic

40. A client is admitted for hemodialysis. Which abnormal lab value would the nurse anticipate not being improved by hemodialysis?
A) Low hemoglobin
B) Hypernatremia
C) High serum creatinine
D) Hyperkalemia

41. The nurse is caring for a 7 year-old child who is being discharged following a tonsillectomy. Which of the following instructions is appropriate for the nurse to teach the parents?
A) Report a persistent cough to the health care provider
B) The child can return to school in 4 days
C) Administer chewable aspirin for pain
D) The child may gargle with saline as necessary for discomfort

42. The nurse is caring for a 14 month-old just diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis. The parents state this is the first child in either family with this disease, and ask about the risk to future children. What is the best response by the nurse?
A) 1in 4 chance for each child to carry that trait
B) 1in 4 risk for each child to have the disease
C) 1in 2 chance of avoiding the trait and disease
D) 1in 2 chance that each child will have the disease

43. The nurse is performing an assessment on a client with pneumococcal pneumonia. Which finding would the nurse anticipate?
A) Bronchial breath sounds in outer lung fields
B) Decreased tactile fremitus
C) Hacking, nonproductive cough
D) Hyperresonance of areas of consolidation

44. During seizure activity which observation is the priority to enhance further direction of treatment?
A) Observe the sequence or types of movement
B) Note the time from beginning to end
C) Identify the pattern of breathing
D) Determine if loss of bowel or bladder control occurs

45. Which of the following statements describes what the nurse must know in order to provide anticipatory guidance to parents of a toddler about readiness for toilet training?
A) The child learns voluntary sphincter control through repetition
B) Myelination of the spinal cord is completed by this age
C) Neuronal impulses are interrupted at the base of the ganglia
D) The toddler can understand cause and effect

46. A client complaining of severe shortness of breath is diagnosed with congestive heart failure. The nurse observes a falling pulse oximetry. The client's color changes to gray and she expectorates large amounts of pink frothy sputum. The first action of the nurse would be which of the following?
A) Call the health care provider
B) Check vital signs
C) Position in high Fowler's
D) Administer oxygen

47. The nurse is caring for a client with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Which of the following assessments would the nurse anticipate finding?
A) Large volume of urinary output with each voiding
B) Involuntary voiding with coughing and sneezing
C) Frequent urination
D) Urine is dark and concentrated

48. An anxious parent of a 4 year-old consults the nurse for guidance in how to answer the child's question, "Where do babies come from?" What is the nurse's best response to the parent?
A) "When a child asks a question, give a simple answer."
B) "Children ask many questions, but are not looking for answers."
C) "This question indicates interest in sex beyond this age."
D) "Full and detailed answers should be given to all questions."

49. A 3 year-old child is treated in the emergency department after ingestion of 1ounce of a liquid narcotic. What action should the nurse do first?
A) Provide the ordered humidified oxygen via mask
B) Suction the mouth and the nose
C) Check the mouth and radial pulse
D) Start the ordered intravenous fluids

50. The charge nurse on the eating disorder unit instructs a new staff member to weigh each client in his or her hospital gown only. What is the rationale for this nursing intervention?
A) To reduce the risk of the client feeling cold due to decreased fat and subcutaneous tissue
B) To cover the bony prominence and areas where there is skin breakdown
C) So the client knows what type of clothing to wear when weighed
D) To reduce the tendency of the client to hide objects under his or her clothing

51. In teaching parents to associate prevention with the lifestyle of their child with sickle cell disease, the nurse should emphasize that a priority for their child is to
A) Avoid overheating during physical activities
B) Maintain normal activity with some restrictions
C) Be cautious of others with viruses or temperatures
D) Maintain routine immunizations

52. The nurse understands that during the "tension building" phase of a violent relationship, when the batterer makes unreasonable demands, the battered victim may experience feelings of
A) Anger
B) Helplessness
C) Calm
D) Explosive

53. A parent has numerous questions regarding normal growth and development of a 10 month-old infant. Which of the following parameters is of most concern to the nurse?
A) 50% increase in birth weight
B) Head circumference greater than chest
C) Crying when the parents leave
D) Able to stand up briefly in play pen

54. The nurse has been assigned to these clients in the emergency room. Which client would the nurse go check first?
A) Viral pneumonia with atelectasis
B) Spontaneous pneumothorax with a respiratory rate of 38
C) Tension pneumothorax with slight tracheal deviation to the right
D) Acute asthma with episodes of bronchospasm

55. The nurse is assessing a 4 year-old for possible developmental dysplasia of the right hip. Which finding would the nurse expect?
A) Pelvic tip downward
B) Right leg lengthening
C) Ortolani sign
D) Characteristic limp

56. A 2 year-old child has recently been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. The nurse is teaching the parents about home care for the child. Which of the following information is appropriate for the nurse to include?
A) Allow the child to continue normal activities
B) Schedule frequent rest periods
C) Limit exposure to other children
D) Restrict activities to inside the house

57. The nurses on a unit are planning for stoma care for clients who have a stoma for fecal diversion. Which stomal diversion poses the highest risk for skin breakdown
A) Ileostomy
B) Transverse colostomy
C) Ileal conduit
D) Sigmoid colostomy

58. A client is unconscious following a tonic-clonic seizure. What should the nurse do first?
A) Check the pulse
B) Administer Valium
C) Place the client in a side-lying position
D) Place a tongue blade in the mouth

59. The nurse is teaching a client who has a hip prostheses following total hip replacement. Which of the following should be included in the instructions for home care?
A) Avoid climbing stairs for 3 months
B) Ambulate using crutches only
C) Sleep only on your back
D) Do not cross legs

60. A nurse who travels with an agency is uncertain about what tasks can be performed when working in a different state. It would be best for the nurse to check which resource?
A) The state nurse practice act in which the assignment is made
B) With a nurse colleague who has worked in that state 2 years ago
D) The Nursing Social Policy Statement within the United States
C) The policies and procedures of the assigned agency in that state

61. Parents of a 7 year-old child call the clinic nurse because their daughter was sent home from school because of a rash. The child had been seen the day before by the health care provider and diagnosed with Fifth Disease (erythema infectiosum). What is the most appropriate action by the nurse?
A) Tell the parents to bring the child to the clinic for further evaluation
B) Refer the school officials to printed materials about this viral illness
C) Inform the teacher that the child is receiving antibiotics for the rash
D) Explain that this rash is not contagious and does not require isolation

62. What principle of HIV disease should the nurse keep in mind when planning care for a newborn who was infected in utero?
A) The disease will incubate longer and progress more slowly in this infant
B) The infant is very susceptible to infections
C) Growth and development patterns will proceed at a normal rate
D) Careful monitoring of renal function is indicated

63. While teaching a client about their medications, the client asks how long it will take before the effects of lithium take place. What is the best response of the nurse?
A) Immediately
B) Several days
C) 2 weeks
D) 1 month

64. The nurse is caring for a 12 year-old with an acute illness. Which of the following indicates the nurse understands common sibling reactions to hospitalization?
A) Younger siblings adapt very well
B) Visitation is helpful for both
C) The siblings may enjoy privacy
D) Those cared for at home cope better

65. Following a cocaine high, the user commonly experiences an extremely unpleasant feeling called
A) Craving
B) Crashing
C) Outward bound
D) Nodding out

66. One reason that domestic violence remains extensively undetected is
A) Few battered victims seek medical care
B) There is typically a series of minor, vague complaints
C) Expenses due to police and court costs are prohibitive
D) Very little knowledge is currently known about batterers and battering relationships

67. When making a home visit to a client with chronic pyelonephritis, which nursing action has the highest priority?
A) Follow-up on lab values before the visit
B) Observe client findings for the effectiveness of antibiotics
C) Ask for a log of urinary output
D) As for the log of the oral intake

68. When a client is having a general tonic clonic seizure, the nurse should
A) Hold the client's arms at their side
B) Place the client on their side
C) Insert a padded tongue blade in client's mouth
D) Elevate the head of the bed

69. The nurse is teaching a client with dysrhythmia about the electrical pathway of an impulse as it travels through the heart. Which of these demonstrates the normal pathway?
A) AV node, SA node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
B) Purkinje fibers, SA node, AV node, Bundle of His
C) Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, SA node , AV node
D) SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

70. Clients with mitral stenosis would likely manifest findings associated with congestion in the
A) Pulmonary circulation
B) Descending aorta
C) Superior vena cava
D) Bundle of His

71. In assessing the healing of a client's wound during a home visit, which of the following is the best indicator of good healing?
A) White patches
B) Green drainage
C) Reddened tissue
D) Eschar development

72. The nursing intervention that best describes treatment to deal with the behaviors of clients with personality disorders include
A) Pointing out inconsistencies in speech patterns to correct thought disorders
B) Accepting client and the client's behavior unconditionally
C) Encouraging dependency in order to develop ego controls
D) Consistent limit-setting enforced 24 hours per day

73. A client has received her first dose of fluphenazine (Prolixin) 2 hours ago. She suddenly experiences torticollis and involuntary spastic muscle movement. In addition to administering the ordered anticholinergic drug, what other measure should the nurse implement?
A) Have respiratory support equipment available
B) Immediately place her in the seclusion room
C) Assess the client for anxiety and agitation
D) Administer prn dose of IM antipsychotic medication

74. The nurse asks a client with a history of alcoholism about the client’s drinking behavior. The client states "I didn’t hurt anyone. I just like to have a good time, and drinking helps me to relax." The client is using which defense mechanism?
A) Denial
B) Projection
C) Intellectualization
D) Rationalization

75. The nurse is teaching a smoking cessation class and notices there are 2 pregnant women in the group. Which information is a priority for these women?
A) Low tar cigarettes are less harmful during pregnancy
B) There is a relationship between smoking and low birth weight
C) The placenta serves as a barrier to nicotine
D) Moderate smoking is effective in weight control

76. The nurse is caring for a client with end stage renal disease. What action should the nurse take to assess for patency in a fistula used for hemodialysis?
A) Observe for edema proximal to the site
B) Irrigate with 5 mls of 0.9% Normal Saline
C) Palpate for a thrill over the fistula
D) Check color and warmth in the extremity

77. Which therapeutic communication skill is most likely to encourage a depressed client to vent feelings?
A) Direct confrontation
B) Reality orientation
C) Projective identification
D) Active listening

78. The nurse walks into a client's room and finds the client lying still and silent on the floor. The nurse should first
A) Assess the client's airway
B) Call for help
C) Establish that the client is unresponsive
D) See if anyone saw the client fall

79. What is the best way for the nurse to accomplish a health history on a 14 year-old client?
A) Have the mother present to verify information
B) Allow an opportunity for the teen to express feelings
C) Use the same type of language as the adolescent
D) Focus the discussion of risk factors in the peer group

80. A new nurse on the unit notes that the nurse manager seems to be highly respected by the nursing staff. The new nurse is surprised when one of the nurses states: "The manager makes all decisions and rarely asks for our input." The best description of the nurse manager's management style is
A) Participative or democratic
B) Ultraliberal or communicative
C) Autocratic or authoritarian
D) Laissez faire or permissive

81. A 2 year-old child is being treated with Amoxicillin suspension, 200 milligrams per dose, for acute otitis media. The child weighs 30 lb. (15 kg) and the daily dose range is 20-40 mg/kg of body weight, in three divided doses every 8 hours. Using principles of safe drug administration, what should the nurse do next?
A) Give the medication as ordered
B) Call the health care provider to clarify the dose
C) Recognize that antibiotics are over-prescribed
D) Hold the medication as the dosage is too low

82. The nurse is performing a developmental assessment on an 8 month-old. Which finding should be reported to the health care provider?
A) Lifts head from the prone position
B) Rolls from abdomen to back
C) Responds to parents' voices
D) Falls forward when sitting

83. The nurse is participating in a community health fair. As part of the assessments, the nurse should conduct a mental status examination when
A) An individual displays restlessness
B) There are obvious signs of depression
C) Conducting any health assessment
D) The resident reports memory lapses

84. The nurse caring for a 14 year-old boy with severe Hemophilia A, who was admitted after a fall while playing basketball. In understanding his behavior and in planning care for this client, what must the nurse understand about adolescents with hemophilia?
A) Must have structured activities
B) Often take part in active sports
C) Explain limitations to peer groups
D) Avoid risks after bleeding episodes

85. When assessing a client who has just undergone a cardioversion, the nurse finds the respirations are 12. Which action should the nurse take first?
A) Try to vigorously stimulate normal breathing
B) Ask the RN to assess the vital signs
C) Measure the pulse oximetry
D) Continue to monitor respirations

86. In order to enhance a client's response to medication for chest pain from acute angina, the nurse should emphasize
A) Learning relaxation techniques
B) Limiting alcohol use
C) Eating smaller meals
D) Avoiding passive smoke

87. The primary nursing diagnosis for a client with congestive heart failure with pulmonary edema is
A) Pain
B) Impaired gas exchange
C) Cardiac output altered: decreased
D) Fluid volume excess

88. After talking with her partner, a client voluntarily admitted herself to the substance abuse unit. After the second day on the unit the client states to the nurse, "My husband told me to get treatment or he would divorce me. I don’t believe I really need treatment but I don’t want my husband to leave me." Which response by the nurse would assist the client?
A) "In early recovery, it's quite common to have mixed feelings, but unmotivated people can’t get well."
B) "In early recovery, it’s quite common to have mixed feelings, but I didn’t know you had been pressured to come."
C) "In early recovery it’s quite common to have mixed feelings, perhaps it would be best to seek treatment on an outclient bases."
D) "In early recovery, it’s quite common to have mixed feelings. Let’s discuss the benefits of sobriety for you."

89. Clients taking which of the following drugs are at risk for depression?
A) Steroids
B) Diuretics
C) Folic acid
D) Aspirin

90. The nurse is assessing a client on admission to a community mental health center. The client discloses that she has been thinking about ending her life. The nurse's best response would be
A) "Do you want to discuss this with your pastor?"
B) "We will help you deal with those thoughts."
C) "Is your life so terrible that you want to end it?"
D) "Have you thought about how you would do it?"

91. The nurse is caring for a client 2 hours after a right lower lobectomy. During the evaluation of the water-seal chest drainage system, it is noted that the fluid level bubbles constantly in the water seal chamber. On inspection of the chest dressing and tubing, the nurse does not find any air leaks in the system. The next best action for the nurse is to
A) Check for subcutaneous emphysema in the upper torso
B) Reposition the client to a position of comfort
C) Call the health care provider as soon as possible
D) Check for any increase in the amount of thoracic drainage

92. The nurse is caring for a newborn who has just been diagnosed with hypospadias. After discussing the defect with the parents, the nurse should expect that
A) Circumcision can be performed at any time
B) Initial repair is delayed until ages 6-8
C) Post-operative appearance will be normal
D) Surgery will be performed in stages

93. A client has been receiving lithium (Lithane) for the past two weeks for the treatment of bipolar illness. When planning client teaching, what is most important to emphasize to the client?
A) Maintain a low sodium diet
B) Take a diuretic with lithium
C) Come in for evaluation of serum lithium levels every 1-3 months
D) Have blood lithium levels drawn during the summer months

94. When an autistic client begins to eat with her hands, the nurse can best handle the problem by
A) Placing the spoon in the client’s hand and stating, "Use the spoon to eat your food."
B) Commenting "I believe you know better than to eat with your hand."
C) Jokingly stating, "Well I guess fingers sometimes work better than spoons."
D) Removing the food and stating "You can’t have anymore food until you use the spoon."

95. A client develops volume overload from an IV that has infused too rapidly. What assessment would the nurse expect to find?
A) S3 heart sound
B) Thready pulse
C) Flattened neck veins
D) Hypoventilation

96. A neonate born 12 hours ago to a methadone maintained woman is exhibiting a hyperactive MORO reflex and slight tremors. The newborn passed one loose, watery stool. Which of these is a nursing priority?
A) Hold the infant at frequent intervals.
B) Assess for neonatal withdrawl syndrome
C) Offer fluids to prevent dehydration
D) Administer paregoric to stop diarrhea

97. While planning care for a preschool aged child, the nurse understands developmental needs. Which of the following would be of the most concern to the nurse?
A) Playing imaginatively
B) Expressing shame
C) Identifying with family
D) Exploring the playroom

98. A depressed client who has recently been acting suicidal is now more social and energetic than usual. Smilingly he tells the nurse "I’ve made some decisions about my life." What should be the nurse’s initial response?
A) "You’ve made some decisions."
B) "Are you thinking about killing yourself?"
C) "I’m so glad to hear that you’ve made some decisions."
D) "You need to discuss your decisions with your therapist."

99. The nurse is caring for 2 children who have had surgical repair of congenital heart defects. For which defect is it a priority to assess for findings of heart conduction disturbance?
A) Artrial septal defect
B) Patent ductus arteriosus
C) Aortic stenosis
D) Ventricular septal defect

100. The nurse is caring for a post myocardial infarction client in an intensive care unit. It is noted that urinary output has dropped from 60 -70 ml per hour to 30 ml per hour. This change is most likely due to
A) Dehydration
B) Diminished blood volume
C) Decreased cardiac output
D) Renal failure


Answer key is available at: http://www.4shared.com/office/WXvdkTrV/100_item_Comprehensive_Exam_wi.html?
Adobe PDF Reader is required

Comprehensive Exam
Answer key is available at: http://www.4shared.com/office/92QtS21h/100_item_Comprehensive_Exam_II.html?
Adobe PDF Reader is required


1. In a child with suspected coarctation of the aorta, the nurse would expect to find
A) Strong pedal pulses
B) Diminishing cartoid pulses
C) Normal femoral pulses
D) Bounding pulses in the arms

2. The nurse is caring for a child receiving chest physiotherapy (CPT). Which of the following actions by the nurse would be appropriate?
A) Schedule the therapy thirty minutes after meals
B) Teach the child not to cough during the treatment
C) Confine the percussion to the rib cage area
D) Place the child in a prone position for the therapy

3. A client was admitted to the psychiatric unit with major depression after a suicide attempt. In addition to feeling sad and hopeless, the nurse would assess for
A) Anxiety, unconscious anger, and hostility
B) Guilt, indecisiveness, poor self-concept
C) Psychomotor retardation or agitation
D) Meticulous attention to grooming and hygiene

4. A victim of domestic violence states to the nurse, "If only I could change and be how my companion wants me to be, I know things would be different." Which would be the best response by the nurse?

A) "The violence is temporarily caused by unusual circumstances; don’t stop hoping for a change."
B) "Perhaps, if you understood the need to abuse, you could stop the violence."
C) "No one deserves to be beaten. Are you doing anything to provoke your spouse into beating you?"
D) "Batterers lose self-control because of their own internal reasons, not because of what their partner did or did not do."

5. A nurse is to present information about Chinese folk medicine to a group of student nurses. Based on this cultural belief, the nurse would explain that illness is attributed to the
A) Yang, the positive force that represents light, warmth, and fullness
B) Yin, the negative force that represents darkness, cold, and emptiness
C) Use of improper hot foods, herbs and plants
D) A failure to keep life in balance with nature and others

6. A polydrug user has been in recovery for 8 months. The client has began skipping breakfast and not eating regular dinners. The client has also started frequenting bars to "see old buddies." The nurse understands that the client’s behavior is a warning sign to indicate that the client may be

A) headed for relapse
B) feeling hopeless
C) approaching recovery
D) in need of increased socialization

7. At the day treatment center a client diagnosed with Schizophrenia - Paranoid Type sits alone alertly watching the activities of clients and staff. The client is hostile when approached and asserts that the doctor gives her medication to control her mind. The client's behavior most likely indicates
A) Feelings of increasing anxiety related to paranoia
B) Social isolation related to altered thought processes
C) Sensory perceptual alteration related to withdrawal from environment
D) Impaired verbal communication related to impaired judgment

8. A client is admitted with the diagnosis of meningitis. Which finding would the nurse expect in assessing this client?
A) Hyperextension of the neck with passive shoulder flexion
B) Flexion of the hip and knees with passive flexion of the neck
C) Flexion of the legs with rebound tenderness
D) Hyperflexion of the neck with rebound flexion of the legs

9. Post-procedure nursing interventions for electroconvulsive therapy include
A) Applying hard restraints if seizure occurs
B) Expecting client to sleep for 4 to 6 hours
C) Remaining with client until oriented
D) Expecting long-term memory loss

10. The nurse is talking to parents about nutrition in school aged children. Which of the following is the most common nutritional disorder in this age group?
A) Bulimia
B) Anorexia
C) Obesity
D) Malnutrition

11. The nurse assesses a client who has been re-admitted to the psychiatric in-patient unit for schizophrenia. His symptoms have been managed for several months with fluphenazine (Prolixin). Which should be a focus of the first assessment?
A) Stressors in the home
B) Medication compliance
C) Exposure to hot temperatures
D) Alcohol use

12. The nurse admits a client newly diagnosed with hypertension. What is the best method for assessing the blood pressure?
A) Standing and sitting
B) In both arms
C) After exercising
D) Supine position

13. The nurse is caring for a client who has developed cardiac tamponade. Which finding would the nurse anticipate?
A) Widening pulse pressure
B) Pleural friction rub
C) Distended neck veins
D) Bradycardia

14. At the geriatric day care program a client is crying and repeating "I want to go home. Call my daddy to come for me." The nurse should
A) Invite the client to join the exercise group
B) Tell the client you will call someone to come for her
C) Give the client simple information about what she will be doing
D) Firmly direct the client to her assigned group activity

15. When teaching adolescents about sexually transmitted diseases, what should the nurse emphasize that is the most common infection?
A) Gonorrhea
B) Chlamydia
C) Herpes
D) HIV

16. A 38 year-old female client is admitted to the hospital with an acute exacerbation of asthma. This is her third admission for asthma in 7 months. She describes how she doesn't really like having to use her medications all the time. Which explanation by the nurse best describes the long-term consequence of uncontrolled airway inflammation?
A) Degeneration of the alveoli
B) Chronic bronchoconstriction of the large airways
C) Lung remodeling and permanent changes in lung function
D) Frequent pneumonia

17. The mother of a 15 month-old child asks the nurse to explain her child's lab results and how they show her child has iron deficiency anemia. The nurse's best response is
A) "Although the results are here, your doctor will explain them later."
B) "Your child has less red blood cells that carry oxygen."
C) "The blood cells that carry nutrients to the cells are too large."
D) "There are not enough blood cells in your child's circulation."

18. Privacy and confidentiality of all client information is legally protected. In which of these situations would the nurse make an exception to this practice?
A) When a family member offers information about their loved one
B) When the client threatens self-harm and harm to others
C) When the health care provider decides the family has a right to know the client's diagnosis
D) When a visitor insists that the visitor has been given permission by the client

19. At a well baby clinic the nurse is assigned to assess an 8 month-old child. Which of these developmental achievements would the nurse anticipate that the child would be able to perform?
A) Say 2 words
B) Pull up to stand
C) Sit without support
D) Drink from a cup

20. First-time parents bring their 5 day-old infant to the pediatrician's office because they are extremely concerned about its breathing pattern. The nurse assesses the baby and finds that the breath sounds are clear with equal chest expansion. The respiratory rate is 38-42 breaths per minute with occasional periods of apnea lasting 10 seconds in length. What is the correct analysis of these findings?
A) The pediatrician must examine the baby
B) Emergency equipment should be available
C) This breathing pattern is normal
D) A future referral may be indicated

21. A 30 month-old child is admitted to the hospital unit. Which of the following toys would be appropriate for the nurse to select from the toy room for this child?
A) Cartoon stickers
B) Large wooden puzzle
C) Blunt scissors and paper
D) Beach ball

22. A 2 year-old child has just been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. The child's father asks the nurse "What is our major concern now, and what will we have to deal with in the future?" Which of the following is the best response?
A) "There is a probability of life-long complications."
B) "Cystic fibrosis results in nutritional concerns that can be dealt with."
C) "Thin, tenacious secretions from the lungs are a constant struggle in cystic fibrosis."
D) "You will work with a team of experts and also have access to a support group that the family can attend."

23. A mother asks the nurse if she should be concerned about the tendency of her child to stutter. What assessment data will be most useful in counseling the parent?
A) Age of the child
B) Sibling position in family
C) Stressful family events
D) Parental discipline strategies

24. During an examination of a 2 year-old child with a tentative diagnosis of Wilm's tumor, the nurse would be most concerned about which statement by the mother?
A) My child has lost 3 pounds in the last month.
B) Urinary output seemed to be less over the past 2 days.
C) All the pants have become tight around the waist.
D) The child prefers some salty foods more than others.

25. A client is admitted with a pressure ulcer in the sacral area. The partial thickness wound is 4cm by 7cm, the wound base is red and moist with no exudate and the surrounding skin is intact. Which of the following coverings is most appropriate for this wound?
A) Transparent dressing
B) Dry sterile dressing with antibiotic ointment
C) Wet to dry dressing
D) Occlusive moist dressing

26. A 65-year-old Hispanic-Latino client with prostate cancer rates his pain as a 6 on a 0-to-10 scale. The client refuses all pain medication other than Motrin, which does not relieve his pain. The next action for the nurse to take is to
A) Ask the client about the refusal of certain pain medications
B) Talk with the client's family about the situation
C) Report the situation to the health care provider
D) Document the situation in the notes

27. The nurse is caring for a client with an unstable spinal cord injury at the T7 level. Which intervention should take priority in planning care?
A) Increase fluid intake to prevent dehydration
B) Place client on a pressure reducing support surface
C) Use skin care products designed for use with incontinence
D) Increase caloric intake to aid healing

28. A client is experiencing hallucinations that are markedly increased at night. The client is very frightened by the hallucinations. The client’s partner asked to stay a few hours beyond the visiting time, in the client’s private room. What would be the best response by the nurse demonstrating emotional support for the client?
A) "No, it would be best if you brought the client some reading material that she could read at night."
B) "No, your presence may cause the client to become more anxious."
C) "Yes, staying with the client and orienting her to her surroundings may decrease her anxiety."
D) "Yes, would you like to spend the night when the client’s behavior indicates that she is frightened?"

29. The nurse is caring for residents in a long term care setting for the elderly. Which of the following activities will be most effective in meeting the growth and development needs for persons in this age group?
A) Aerobic exercise classes
B) Transportation for shopping trips
C) Reminiscence groups
D) Regularly scheduled social activities

30. Which type of accidental poisoning would the nurse expect to occur in children under age 6?
A) Oral ingestion
B) Topical contact
C) Inhalation
D) Eye splashes

31. A mother wants to switch her 9 month-old infant from an iron-fortified formula to whole milk because of the expense. Upon further assessment, the nurse finds that the baby eats table foods well, but drinks less milk than before. What is the best advice by the nurse?
A) Change the baby to whole milk
B) Add chocolate syrup to the bottle
C) Continue with the present formula
D) Offer fruit juice frequently

32. A nurse is conducting a community wide seminar on childhood safety issues. Which of these children is at the highest risk for poisoning?
A) 9 month-old who stays with a sitter 5 days a week
B) 20 month-old who has just learned to climb stairs
C) 10 year-old who occasionally stays at home unattended
D) 15 year-old who likes to repair bicycles

33. The nurse assesses delayed gross motor development in a 3 year-old child. The inability of the child to do which action confirms this finding?
A) Stand on 1 foot
B) Catch a ball
C) Skip on alternate feet
D) Ride a bicycle

34. The nurse is making a home visit to a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The client tells the nurse that he used to be able to walk from the house to the mailbox without difficulty. Now, he has to pause to catch his breath halfway through the trip. Which diagnosis would be most appropriate for this client based on this assessment?
A) Activity intolerance caused by fatigue related to chronic tissue hypoxia
B) Impaired mobility related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
C) Self care deficit caused by fatigue related to dyspnea
D) Ineffective airway clearance related to increased bronchial secretions

35. A nurse is caring for a client with multiple myeloma. Which of the following should be included in the plan of care?
A) Monitor for hyperkalemia
B) Place in protective isolation
C) Precautions with position changes
D) Administer diuretics as ordered

36. A client was admitted to the psychiatric unit with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. He constantly bothers other clients, tries to help the housekeeping staff, demonstrates pressured speech and demands constant attention from the staff. Which activity would be best for the client?
A) Reading
B) Checkers
C) Cards
D) Ping-pong

37. What is the most important aspect to include when developing a home care plan for a client with severe arthritis?
A) Maintaining and preserving function
B) Anticipating side effects of therapy
C) Supporting coping with limitations
D) Ensuring compliance with medications

38. A pre-term newborn is to be fed breast milk through nasogastric tube. Why is breast milk preferred over formula for premature infants?
A) Contains less lactose
B) Is higher in calories/ounce
C) Provides antibodies
D) Has less fatty acid

39. Which of the following nursing assessments in an infant is most valuable in identifying serious visual defects?
A) Red reflex test
B) Visual acuity
C) Pupil response to light
D) Cover test

40. Which nursing action is a priority as the plan of care is developed for a 7 year-old child hospitalized for acute glomerulonephritis?
A) Assess for generalized edema
B) Monitor for increased urinary output
C) Encourage rest during hyperactive periods
D) Note patterns of increased blood pressure

41. The nurse should recognize that physical dependence is accompanied by what findings when alcohol consumption is first reduced or ended?
A) Seizures
B) Withdrawal
C) Craving
D) Marked tolerance

42. The nurse is preparing a 5 year-old for a scheduled tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. The parents are anxious and concerned about the child's reaction to impending surgery. Which nursing intervention would be best to prepare the child?
A) Introduce the child to all staff the day before surgery
B) Explain the surgery 1 week prior to the procedure
C) Arrange a tour of the operating and recovery rooms
D) Encourage the child to bring a favorite toy to the hospital

43. During the evaluation phase for a client, the nurse should focus on
A) All finding of physical and psychosocial stressors of the client and in the family
B) The client's status, progress toward goal achievement, and ongoing re-evaluation
C) Setting short and long-term goals to insure continuity of care from hospital to home
D) Select interventions that are measurable and achievable within selected timeframes

44. The client who is receiving enteral nutrition through a gastrostomy tube has had 4 diarrhea stools in the past 24 hours. The nurse should
A) Review the medications the client is receiving
B) Increase the formula infusion rate
C) Increase the amount of water used to flush the tube
D) Attach a rectal bag to protect the skin

45. A client is receiving nitroprusside IV for the treatment of acute heart failure with pulmonary edema. What diagnostic lab value should the nurse monitor in relation to this medication?
A) Potassium
B) Arterial blood gasses
C) Blood urea nitrogen
D) Thiocyanate

46. The nurse is talking with a client. The client abruptly says to the nurse, "The moon is full. Astronauts walk on the moon. Walking is a good health habit." The client’s behavior most likely indicates
A) Neologisms
B) Dissociation
C) Flight of ideas
D) Word salad

47. The nurse is assessing a child for clinical manifestations of iron deficiency anemia. Which factor would the nurse recognize as cause for the findings?
A) Decreased cardiac output
B) Tissue hypoxia
C) Cerebral edema
D) Reduced oxygen saturation

48. A Hispanic client in the postpartum period refuses the hospital food because it is "cold." The best initial action by the nurse is to
A) Have the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) reheat the food if the client wishes
B) Ask the client what foods are acceptable or bad
C) Encourage her to eat for healing and strength
D) Schedule the dietitian to meet with the client as soon as possible

49. In planning care for a child diagnosed with minimal change nephrotic syndrome, the nurse should understand the relationship between edema formation and
A) Increased retention of albumin in the vascular system
B) Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure in the capillaries
C) Fluid shift from interstitial spaces into the vascular space
D) Reduced tubular reabsorption of sodium and water

50. A client is admitted with a diagnosis of hepatitis B. In reviewing the initial laboratory results, the nurse would expect to find elevation in which of the following values?
A) Blood urea nitrogen
B) Acid phosphatase
C) Bilirubin
D) Sedimentation rate

51. The nurse is monitoring the contractions of a woman in labor. A contraction is recorded as beginning at 10:00 A.M. and ending at 10:01 A.M. Another begins at 10:15 A.M. What is the frequency of the contractions?
A) 14 minutes
B) 10 minutes
C) 15 minutes
D) Nine minutes

52. A recovering alcoholic asked the nurse, "Will it be ok for me to just drink at special family gatherings?" Which initial response by the nurse would be best?
A) "A recovering person has to be very careful not to lose control, therefore, confine your drinking just at family gatherings."
B) "At your next AA meeting discuss the possibility of limited drinking with your sponsor."
C) "A recovering person needs to get in touch with their feelings. Do you want a drink?"
D) "A recovering person cannot return to drinking without starting the addiction process over."

53. Which of the actions suggested to the RN by the PN during a planning conference for a 10 month-old infant admitted 2 hours ago with bacterial meningitis would be acceptable to add to the plan of care?
A) Measure head circumference
B) Place in airborne isolation
C) Provide passive range of motion
D) Provide an over-the-crib protective top

54. A victim of domestic violence tells the batterer she needs a little time away. How would the nurse expect that the batterer might respond?
A) With acceptance and views the victim’s comment as an indication that their marriage is in trouble
B) With fear of rejection causing increased rage toward the victim
C) With a new commitment to seek counseling to assist with their marital problems
D) With relief, and welcomes the separation as a means to have some personal time

55. A nurse is assigned to a client who is a new admission for the treatment of a frontal lobe brain tumor. Which history offered by the family members would be anticipated by the nurse as associated with the diagnosis and communicated?
A) "My partner's breathing rate is usually below 12."
B) "I find the mood swings and the change from a calm person to being angry all the time hard to deal with."
C) "It seems our sex life is nonexistant over the past 6 months."
D) "In the morning and evening I hear complaints that reading is next to impossible from blurred print."

56. A client who has been drinking for five years states that he drinks when he gets upset about "things" such as being unemployed or feeling like life is not leading anywhere. The nurse understands that the client is using alcohol as a way to deal with
A) Recreational and social needs
B) Feelings of anger
C) Life’s stressors
D) Issues of guilt and disappointment

57. The nurse would expect the cystic fibrosis client to receive supplemental pancreatic enzymes along with a diet
A) High in carbohydrates and proteins
B) Low in carbohydrates and proteins
C) High in carbohydrates, low in proteins
D) Low in carbohydrates, high in proteins

58. The nurse is discussing nutritional requirements with the parents of an 18 month-old child. Which of these statements about milk consumption is correct?
A) May drink as much milk as desired
B) Can have milk mixed with other foods
C) Will benefit from fat-free cow's milk
D) Should be limited to 3-4 cups of milk daily

59. A postpartum mother is unwilling to allow the father to participate in the newborn's care, although he is interested in doing so. She states, "I am afraid the baby will be confused about who the mother is. Baby raising is for mothers, not fathers." The nurse's initial intervention should be what focus?
A) Discuss with the mother sharing parenting responsibilities
B) Set time aside to get the mother to express her feelings and concerns
C) Arrange for the parents to attend infant care classes
D) Talk with the father and help him accept the wife's decision

60. A client with emphysema visits the clinic. While teaching about proper nutrition, the nurse should emphasize that the client
A) Eat foods high in sodium increases sputum liquefaction
B) Use oxygen during meals improves gas exchange
C) Perform exercise after respiratory therapy enhances appetite
D) Cleanse the mouth of dried secretions reduces risk of infection

61. The nurse is assigned to a client who has heart failure . During the morning rounds the nurse sees the client develop sudden anxiety, diaphoresis and dyspnea. The nurse auscultates, crackles bilaterally. Which nursing intervention should be performed first?
A) Take the client's vital signs
B) Place the client in a sitting position with legs dangling
C) Contact the health care provider
D) Administer the PRN antianxiety agent

62. Based on principles of teaching and learning, what is the best initial approach to pre-op teaching for a client scheduled for coronary artery bypass?
A) Touring the coronary intensive unit
B) Mailing a video tape to the home
C) Assessing the client's learning style
D) Administering a written pre-test

63. An eighteen month-old has been brought to the emergency room with irritability, lethargy over 2 days, dry skin and increased pulse. Based upon the evaluation of these initial findings, the nurse would assess the child for additional findings of
A) Septicemia
B) Dehydration
C) Hypokalemia
D) Hypercalcemia

64. A nurse is doing preconceptual counseling with a woman who is planning a pregnancy. Which of the following statements suggests that the client understands the connection between alcohol consumption and fetal alcohol syndrome?
A) "I understand that a glass of wine with dinner is healthy."
B) "Beer is not really hard alcohol, so I guess I can drink some."
C) "If I drink, my baby may be harmed before I know I am pregnant."
D) "Drinking with meals reduces the effects of alcohol."

65. The nurse is performing an assessment on a child with severe airway obstruction. Which finding would the nurse anticipate finding?
A) Retractions in the intercostal tissues of the thorax
B) Chest pain aggravated by respiratory movement
C) Cyanosis and mottling of the skin
D) Rapid, shallow respirations

66. The father of an 8 month-old infant asks the nurse if his infant's vocalizations are normal for his age. Which of the following would the nurse expect at this age?
A) Cooing
B) Imitation of sounds
C) Throaty sounds
D) Laughter

67. The nurse is planning to give a 3 year-old child oral digoxin. Which of the following is the best approach by the nurse?
A) "Do you want to take this pretty red medicine?"
B) "You will feel better if you take your medicine."
C) "This is your medicine, and you must take it all right now."
D) "Would you like to take your medicine from a spoon or a cup?"

68. The nurse is providing instructions to a new mother on the proper techniques for breast feeding her infant. Which statement by the mother indicates the need for additional instruction?
A) "I should position my baby completely facing me with my baby's mouth in front of my nipple."
B) "The baby should latch onto the nipple and areola areas."
C) "There may be times that I will need to manually express milk."
D) "I can switch to a bottle if I need to take a break from breast feeding."

69. Which of these parents’ comment for a newborn would most likely reveal an initial finding of a suspected pyloric stenosis?
A) I noticed a little lump a little above the belly button.
B) The baby seems hungry all the time.
C) Mild vomiting that progressed to vomiting shooting across the room.
D) Irritation and spitting up immediately after feedings.

70. The nurse prepares for a Denver Screening test with a 3 year-old child in the clinic. The mother asks the nurse to explain the purpose of the test. What is the nurse’s best response about the purpose of the Denver?
A) It measures a child’s intelligence.
B) It assesses a child's development.
C) It evaluates psychological responses.
D) It helps to determine problems.

71. The school nurse suspects that a third grade child might have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Prior to referring the child for further evaluation, the nurse should
A) Observe the child's behavior on at least 2 occasions
B) Consult with the teacher about how to control impulsivity
C) Compile a history of behavior patterns and developmental accomplishments
D) Compare the child's behavior with classic signs and symptoms

72. Immediately following an acute battering incident in a violent relationship, the batterer may respond to the partner’s injuries by
A) Seeking medical help for the victim's injuries
B) Minimizing the episode and underestimating the victim’s injuries
C) Contacting a close friend and asking for help
D) Being very remorseful and assisting the victim with medical care

73. The nurse, assisting in applying a cast to a client with a broken arm, knows that
A) The cast material should be dipped several times into the warm water
B) The cast should be covered until it dries
C) The wet cast should be handled with the palms of hands
D) The casted extremity should be placed on a cloth-covered surface

74. The nurse is caring for a toddler with atopic dermatitis. The nurse should instruct the parents to
A) Dress the child warmly to avoid chilling
B) Keep the child away from other children for the duration of the rash
C) Clean the affected areas with tepid water and detergent
D) Wrap the child's hand in mittens or socks to prevent scratching

75. In evaluating the growth of a 12 month-old child, which of these findings would the nurse expect to be present in the infant?
A) Increased 10% in height
B) 2 deciduous teeth
C) Tripled the birth weight
D) Head > chest circumference

76. In taking the history of a pregnant woman, which of the following would the nurse recognize as the primary contraindication for breast feeding?
A) Age 40 years
B) Lactose intolerance
C) Family history of breast cancer
D) Uses cocaine on weekends

77. The nurse enters a 2 year-old child's hospital room in order to administer an oral medication. When the child is asked if he is ready to take his medicine, he immediately says, "No!". What would be the most appropriate next action?
A) Leave the room and return five minutes later and give the medicine
B) Explain to the child that the medicine must be taken now
C) Give the medication to the father and ask him to give it
D) Mix the medication with ice cream or applesauce

78. A mother asks about expected motor skills for a 3 year-old child. Which of the following would the nurse emphasize as normal at this age?
A) Jumping rope
B) Tying shoelaces
C) Riding a tricycle
D) Playing hopscotch

79. A 4 year-old child is recovering from chicken pox (varicella). The parents would like to have the child return to day care as soon as possible. In order to ensure that the illness is no longer communicable, what should the nurse assess for in this child?
A) All lesions crusted
B) Elevated temperature
C) Rhinorrhea and coryza
D) Presence of vesicles

80. A home health nurse is caring for a client with a pressure sore that is red, with serous drainage, is 2 inches in diameter with loss of subcutaneous tissue. The appropriate dressing for this wound is
A) A transparent film dressing
B) Wet dressing with debridement granules
C) Wet to dry with hydrogen peroxide
D) Moist saline dressing

81. A diabetic client asks the nurse why the health care provider ordered a glycolsylated hemoglobin (HbA) measurement, since a blood glucose reading was just performed. You will explain to the client that the HbA test:
A) Provides a more precise blood glucose value than self-monitoring
B) Is performed to detect complications of diabetes
C) Measures circulating levels of insulin
D) Reflects an average blood sugar for several months

82. The nurse is caring for a client with COPD who becomes dyspneic. The nurse should
A) Instruct the client to breathe into a paper bag
B) Place the client in a high Fowler's position
C) Assist the client with pursed lip breathing
D) Administer oxygen at 6L/minute via nasal cannula

83. A 24 year-old male is admitted with a diagnosis of testicular cancer. The nurse would expect the client to have
A) Scrotal discoloration
B) Sustained painful erection
C) Inability to achieve erection
D) Heaviness in the affected testicle

84. After successful alcohol detoxification, a client remarked to a friend, "I’ve tried to stop drinking but I just can’t, I can’t even work without having a drink." The client’s belief that he needs alcohol indicates his dependence is primarily
A) Psychological
B) Physical
C) Biological
D) Social-cultural

85. The nurse is planning care for a 2 year-old hospitalized child. Which of the following will produces the most stress at this age?
A) Separation anxiety
B) Fear of pain
C) Loss of control
D) Bodily injury

86. A 9 year-old is taken to the emergency room with right lower quadrant pain and vomiting. When preparing the child for an emergency appendectomy, what must the nurse expect to be the child's greatest fear?
A) Change in body image
B) An unfamiliar environment
C) Perceived loss of control
D) Guilt over being hospitalized

87. In preparing medications for a client with a gastrostomy tube, the nurse should contact the health care provider before administering which of the following drugs through the tube?
A) Cardizem SR tablet (diltiazem)
B) Lanoxin liquid
C) Os-cal tablet (calcium carbonate)
D) Tylenol liquid (acetaminophen)

88. The nurse is assigned to care for a client newly diagnosed with angina. As part of discharge teaching, it is important to remind the client to remove the nitroglycerine patch after 12 hours in order to prevent what condition?
A) Skin irritation
B) Drug tolerance
C) Severe headaches
D) Postural hypotension

89. What is the major developmental task that the mother must accomplish during the first trimester of pregnancy?
A) Acceptance of the pregnancy
B) Acceptance of the termination of the pregnancy
C) Acceptance of the fetus as a separate and unique being
D) Satisfactory resolution of fears related to giving birth

90. The nurse is caring for a depressed client with a new prescription for an SSRI antidepressant. In reviewing the admission history and physical, which of the following should prompt questions about the safety of this medication?
A) History of obesity
B) Prescribed use of an MAO inhibitor
C) Diagnosis of vascular disease
D) Takes antacids frequently

91. The nurse detects blood-tinged fluid leaking from the nose and ears of a head trauma client. What is the appropriate nursing action?
A) Pack the nose and ears with sterile gauze
B) Apply pressure to the injury site
C) Apply bulky, loose dressing to nose and ears
D) Apply an ice pack to the back of the neck

92. A nurse aide is taking care of a 2 year-old child with Wilm's tumor. The nurse aide asks the nurse why there is a sign above the bed that says DO NOT PALPATE THE ABDOMEN? The best response by the nurse would be which of these statements?
A) "Touching the abdomen could cause cancer cells to spread."
B) "Examining the area would cause difficulty to the child."
C) "Pushing on the stomach might lead to the spread of infection."
D) "Placing any pressure on the abdomen may cause an abnormal experience."

93. The nurse is caring for a client with a deep vein thrombosis. Which finding would require the nurse's immediate attention?
A) Temperature of 102 degrees Fahrenheit
B) Pulse rate of 98 beats per minute
C) Respiratory rate of 32
D) Blood pressure of 90/50

94. A client admits to benzodiazepine dependence for several years. She is now in an outpatient detoxification program. The nurse must understand that a priority during withdrawal is
A) Avoid alcohol use during this time
B) Observe the client for hypotension
C) Abrupt discontinuation of the drug
D) Assess for mild physical symptoms

95. The nurse will administer liquid medicine to a 9 month-old child. Which of the following methods is appropriate?
A) Allow the infant to drink the liquid from a medicine cup
B) Administer the medication with a syringe next to the tongue
C) Mix the medication with the infant's formula in the bottle
D) Hold the child upright and administer the medicine by spoon

96. A client refuses to take the medication prescribed because the client prefers to take self-prescribed herbal preparations. What is the initial action the nurse should take?
A) Report the behavior to the charge nurse
B) Talk with the client to find out about the preferred herbal preparation
C) Contact the client's health care provider
D) Explain the importance of the medication to the client

97. The nurse is teaching diet restrictions for a client with Addison's disease. The client would indicate an understanding of the diet by stating
A) "I will increase sodium and fluids and restrict potassium."
B) "I will increase potassium and sodium and restrict fluids."
C) "I will increase sodium, potassium and fluids."
D) "I will increase fluids and restrict sodium and potassium."

98. A nurse arranges for a interpreter to facilitate communication between the health care team and a non-English speaking client. To promote therapeutic communication, the appropriate action for the nurse to remember when working with an interpreter is to
A) Promote verbal and nonverbal communication with both the client and the interpreter
B) Speak only a few sentences at a time and then pause for a few moments
C) Plan that the encounter will take more time than if the client spoke English
D) Ask the client to speak slowly and to look at the person spoken to

99. The most common reason for an Apgar score of 8 and 9 in a newborn is an abnormality of what parameter?
A) Heart rate
B) Muscle tone
C) Cry
D) Color

100. The nurse is caring for several 70 to 80 year-old clients on bed rest. What is the most important measure to prevent skin breakdown?
A) Massage legs frequently
B) Frequent turning
C) Moisten skin with lotions
D) Apply moist heat to reddened areas

NursingVibes is a new online source of nursing information which aims to help nursing students and registered nurses in developing their knowledge, skills and attitude.

One of our main goals is to help you pass any examination that you will take in the future. From major examinations like the Philippine Nurse Licensure Exam or National Council Licensure Exam(NCLEX-RN) to examinations from your own campus(quizzes, midterms, final exams); this website is helpful for you.

We collected sets of examination from a great number of registered nurses; and these practice exams were also used during their college days. We also provided the author of some exams posted in here if possible(Because there are some practice tests provided which don't have the name of the author).

Our mission is to help our fellow nurses and nursing students by providing adequate source of information by collating lectures and notes to further push the right knowledge, skills and attitudes from batch to batch. Every nurse has their own responsibility in helping their colleague grow professionally and this is one of our ways in helping you out.

Don't keep this website on your own. Share this website to your friends and colleagues. Let's help each other in passing every exam and any challenges that we will face in the upcoming years ahead.

- Nursing Vibes

Integumentary System Nursing Concept Practice Test
Answer Key: http://www.4shared.com/office/YnayMVtw/50_item_integumentary_exam_wit.html?
Adobe PDF Reader is required


1. A nurse is caring for a burn client who has sustained thoracic burns and smoke inhalation and is risk for impaired gas exchange. The nurse avoids which action in caring for this client?

a. repositioning the client from side to side every 2 hours
b. maintaining the client in a supine position with the head of the bed elevated
c. suctioning the airway as needed
d. providing humidified oxygen as prescribed


2. A client sustains a burn injury to the entire right arm, entire right leg, and anterior thorax. According to the rule of nine’s the nurse determines that what body percent was injured?

Answer: ______________________________________

3. A nurse assesses a burn injury and determines that the client sustained a full-thickness fourth-degree burn if which of the following is noted at the site of injury?

a. a wet shiny weeping wound surface
b. a dry wound surface
c. charring at the wound site
d. blisters


4. A client is brought to the emergency room following a burn injury. In assessment the nurse notes that the client’s eyebrow and nasal hairs are singed. The nurse would identify this type of burn as:

a. thermal
b. electrical
c. radiation
d. chemical

5. A nurse assesses the carbon monoxide level of a client following a burn injury and notes that the level is 8%. Based on this level, which finding would the nurse expect to note during the assessment of the client?

a. tachycardia
b. tachypnea
c. coma
d. impaired visual acuity

6. A nurse assesses the client’s burn injury and determines that the client sustained a partial-thickness superficial burn. Based on this determination, which finding did the nurse note?

a. a wet, shiny, weeping wound
b. a dry wound surface
c. charring at the wound site
d. absence of wound sensation

7. A nurse assesses the client’s burn injury and determines that the client sustained a partial-thickness deep burn. Based on this determination, which finding did the nurse note?

a. a wet, shiny, weeping wound surface
b. a dry wound surface
c. charring at the wound site
d. total absence of wound sensation

8. On assessment of a child, the nurse notes the presence of white patches on the child’s tongue and determines that they may be indicative of candidiasis (thrush). The nurse understands that the white patches of candidiasis (thrush):

a. adhere to the tongue even when scraped with tongue blade
b. cause the tongue to bleed continuously around the patch
c. produce a red circle in the center of the white lesion
d. will occur only in the tongue

9. On assessment, a nurse notes a flat brown circular nevi on the skin of a client that measures less than one centimeter. The client asks, “Is this cancer?” The nurse makes which response to the client?

a. “These are likely to be benign moles.”
b. “These require immediate attention because they are probably cancer.”
c. “These indicate malignancy.”
d. “These are probably verrucae.”

10. A nurse is performing a skin assessment on a client. The nurse understands that moles with variegated color, irregular borders, and/or an irregular surface should be considered:

a. suspicious
b. normal
c. common
d. benign

11. A client is diagnosed with herpes zoster (shingles). Which pharmacological therapy would the nurse expect to be prescribed to treat this disorder?

a. tetracycline hydrochloride (achromycin)
b. erythromycin base (e-mycin)
c. acyclovir (zovirax)
d. indomethacin (indocin)

12. A nurse reviews the record of a client diagnosed with pemphigus and notes that the physician has documented the presence of Nikolsky’s sign. Based on this documentation, which of the following would the nurse expect to note?

a. client complains of discomfort behind the knee on forced dorsiflexion of the foot
b. a spasm of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the region of the parotid gland
c. carpal spasm elicited by compressing the upper arm
d. the epidermis of the client’s skin can be rubbed off by slight friction or injury


13. A hospitalized client is diagnosed with scabies. Which of the following would a nurse expect to note on inspection of the client’s skin?

a. the appearance of vesicles or pustules
b. the presence of white patches scattered about the trunk
c. multiple straight or wavy threadlike lines beneath the skin
d. patchy hair loss and round, red macules with scales

14. A client is seen in the health care clinic and the physician suspects herpes zoster. The nurse prepares the items needed to perform the diagnostic test to confirm this diagnosis. Which item will the nurse obtain?

a. a biopsy kit
b. a wood’s light
c. a culture swab and tube
d. a patch test kit

15. A nurse reviews the health care record of a client diagnosed with herpes zoster. Which finding would the nurse expect to note as characteristic of this disorder?

a. a generalized red body rash that causes pruritus
b. small blue-white spots with a red base noted on the extremities
c. a fiery red edematous rash on the cheeks and neck
d. clustered and grouped skin vesicles

16. A client returns to the clinic for a follow-up treatment following a skin biopsy of a suspicious lesion performed 1 week ago. The biopsy report indicated that the lesion is a squamous cell carcinoma. The nurse plans care knowing that which of the following describes the characteristic of this type of a lesion?

a. it is highly metastatic
b. it does not metastasize
c. it is characterized by local invasion
d. it is encapsulated

17. A nurse reviews the record of a client scheduled for removal of a skin lesion. The record indicates that the lesion is an irregularly shaped, pigmented papule with a blue-toned color. The nurse determines that this description of the lesion is characteristic of:

a. melanoma
b. basal cell carcinoma
c. squamous cell carcinoma
d. actinic keratosis

18. A nurse is reviewing the nursing care plan for a client for whom a stage 4 decubiti ulcer has been documented. Which of the following would the nurse expect to note on assessment of the client?

a. a reddened area that returns to a normal skin color after 15 to 20 minutes of pressure relief
b. intact skin
c. an area in which the top layer of skin is missing
d. a deep ulcer that extends into muscle and bone.

19. A nurse notes documentation of a stage 3 pressure ulcer in a client’s record. Which of the following would the nurse expect to note on assessment of the client?

a. a deep ulcer that extends into muscle and bone
b. a deep ulcer that extends into the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue
c. an area in which the top layer of skin is missing
d. a reddened area that returns to normal skin color after 15 to 20 minutes of pressure relief

20. A client is in the health care clinic for complaints of pruritus. Following diagnostic studies, it has been determined that there is not a pathophysiological process causing the pruritus. The nurse prepares instructions for the client to assist in reducing the problem and tells the client to:

a. use a dehumidifier in the home
b. ensure that the temperature in the home is high, especially during the winter months
c. use a cool-mist vaporizer, especially during the winter months
d. avoid use of skin moisturizers following a bath

21. A client is seen in the health care clinic because of complaints of lesions on the elbows and the knees. The lesions are red raised papules, and large plaques covered by silvery scales are also noticed on the elbows and the knees. Psoriasis is diagnosed and the nurse provides information about treatment to the client. The nurse determines that the client needs additional information if the client states that which of the following is a component of the treatment plan?

a. tar baths
b. ultraviolet light treatments
c. topical lubricants
d. systemic corticosteroids

22. A client is seen in the health care clinic and a biopsy is performed on a skin lesion that the physician suspects malignant melanoma. The nurse prepares a plan of care for the client based on which characteristics of this type of skin cancer?

a. it is an aggressive cancer that requires aggressive therapy to control its rapid spread
b. it is a slow-growing cancer and seldom metastasizes
c. it can grow so large that an entire area, such as the nose, the lip, or the ear must be removed and reconstructed if it occurs on the face
d. it is the most common form of skin cancer

23. A nurse is caring for a client brought to the emergency room following a burn injury that occurred in the basement of the home. Which initial finding would indicate the presence of inhalation injury?

a. expectoration of sputum tinged with blood
b. the presence of singed nasal hair
c. absent breath sounds in the lower lobes bilaterally
d. tachycardia

24. A nurse is caring for a client who arrives at the emergency room with the emergency medical services team following a severe burn injury from an explosion. Once the initial assessment has been performed by the physician and life-threatening dysfunctions have been addressed, the nurse reviews the physician’s orders anticipating that which pain medication will be prescribed?

a. intravenous (IV) morphine sulfate
b. aspirin with oxycodone (percodan) via nasogastric tube
c. acetaminophen (tylenol) with codeine sulfate
d. morphine sulfate by the subcutaneous route

25. A nurse is assessing the operative site in a client who underwent a breast reconstruction. The nurse is inspecting the flap and the areola of the nipple and notes that the areola is a deep red color around the edge. The nurse takes which action first?

a. document the findings
b. elevate the breast
c. encourage nipple massage
d. notify the physician

26. A nurse performs a skin assessment on an assigned client and notes the presence of lesions that are red-tan scaly plaques. The nurse documents this findings as:

a. seborrhea
b. xerosis
c. pruritus
d. actinic keratoses

27. A community health nurse has provided fire safety instructions to a group of individuals who are part of a disaster response team. Which statement by a group member indicates a need for further instructions?

a. “the victim may be rolled on the ground to extinguish the flames”
b. “a blanket or another cover can be used to smother the flames”
c. “flames should be doused with water”
d. “keep the victim in standing position so flames won’t spread to other parts of the body”

28. A community health nurse is providing a teaching session to firefighters in a small community regarding care to a victim at the scene of a burn injury. The community health nurse instructs the firefighters that in the event of a tar burn the immediate action would be to:

a. cool the injury with water
b. remove all clothing immediately
c. remove the tar from the burn injury
d. leave any clothing that is saturated with tar in place


29. The client who sustained an inhalation injury arrives in the emergency department. On assessment of the client, the nurse notes that the client is very confused and combative. The nurse determines that the client is experiencing:

a. anxiety
b. fear
c. hypoxia
d. pain

30. The client is diagnosed with stage 1 of Lyme disease. The nurse assesses the client for the hallmark characteristic of this stage. Which assessment finding would the nurse expect to note?

a. dizziness and headaches
b. enlarged and inflamed joints
c. arthralgias
d. skin rash

31. The emergency department nurse is performing an assessment on a client who has sustained circumferential burns of both legs. Which assessment would be the priority in caring for this client?

a. assessing peripheral pulses
b. assessing neurological status
c. assessing urine output
d. assessing blood pressure

32. The nurse is reviewing the discharge instructions for a client who had skin biopsy. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further instructions?

a. “I will watch for any drainage from the wound”
b. “I will return tomorrow to have the sutures removed”
c. “I will use antibiotic ointment as prescribed”
d. “I will keep the dressing dry”

33. The nurse preparing to assist the physician to examine the client’s skin with a Wood’s light would do which of the following?

a. obtain an informed consent
b. tell the client that the procedure is painless
c. shave the skin site
d. prepare a local anesthetic

34. The nurse provides discharge instructions to a client following patch testing. Which instruction would the nurse provide to the client?

a. return to the clinic in 2 weeks for the initial reading
b. reapply the patch if it comes off
c. continue all current activities
d. keep the test sites dry

35. A nurse is preparing a client for skin grafting and notes that the physician has documented that the client is scheduled for heterograft. The nurse understands that the heterograft used for the burn client is skin from:

a. another species
b. a cadaver
c. the burned client
d. a skin bank

36. Following assessment and diagnostic evaluation, it has been determined that the client has Stage II of Lyme disease. The nurse expects to note which assessment finding that is most indicative of this stage?

a. erythematous rash
b. cardiac conduction defects
c. arthralgias
d. enlargement of joints

37. The clinic nurse reads the chart of a client that was seen by the physician and notes that the physician has documented that the client has Stage III of Lyme disease. Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect to note in the client?

a. a generalized skin rash
b. a cardiac dysrhythmia
c. complaints of joint pain
d. paralysis in the extremity where the tick bite occurred

38. A female client arrives at the health care clinic and tells the nurse that she was bitten by a tick and would like to be tested for Lyme disease. The client tells the nurse that she removed the tick and flushed it down the toilet. Which nursing action is appropriate?

a. refer the client for a blood test immediately
b. inform the client that the tick is needed to perform the test
c. inform the client that she will need to return in 6 weeks to be tested because testing before this time is not reliable
d. ask the client about the size and color of the tick

39. The client suspected of having Stage I of Lyme disease is seen in the health care clinic and is told that the Lyme disease test is positive. The client asks the nurse about the treatment for the disease. The nurse responds to the client, anticipating which of the following to be part of the treatment plan?

a. no treatment unless symptoms develop
b. a 3-week course of oral antibiotic therapy
c. treatment with intravenous penicillin G
d. ultraviolet light therapy

40. The client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is suspected of having cutaneous Kaposi’s sarcoma. The nurse prepares the client for which test that will confirm the presence of this type of sarcoma?

a. sputum culture
b. liver biopsy
c. punch biopsy of the lesion
d. white blood cell count

41. The client who is newly admitted to the hospital for treatment of acute cellulitis of the lower left leg asks the nurse about the nature of the disorder. The nurse would respond that cellulitis is actually:

a. a skin infection into the deep dermis and subcutaneous fat
b. an acute superficial infection
c. an inflammation of the epidermis
d. an epidermal infection caused by Staphylococcus

42. A nurse is preparing a plan of care for a client with a diagnosis of acute cellulitis of the lower leg. The nurse anticipates which measure will be prescribed to treat this condition?

a. warm moist compresses to the affected area
b. cold compresses to the affected area
c. heat lamp treatments 4 times daily
d. alternating hot to cold compresses every 2 hours

43. A clinic nurse provides instructions to a client who will be taking isotretinoin (Accutane) for severe cystic acne. Which statement by the client indicates the need for further instructions?

a. “I need to return to the clinic for a blood test to check my triglyceride level”
b. “The medication may cause my lips to burn”
c. “The medication may cause dryness and burning in my eyes”
d. “I need to take vitamin A supplements to improve the effectiveness of this treatment”

44. A client sustained full-thickness burns to both hands from scalding water. A sheet graft was surgically applied to the wounds. The nurse tells the client that this type of graft is indicated for which of the following primary purposes?

a. better adherence to the wound bed
b. better cosmetic result
c. better donor site availability
d. easier to care for initially

45. A client sustained a major burn is beginning to take an oral diet again. The nurse plans to encourage the client to eat variety of which of the following types of foods to best help in continued wound healing and tissue repair?

a. high carbohydrate and low protein
b. high fat and low carbohydrate
c. high protein and high fat
d. high protein and high carbohydrate

46. A client with a major burn is admitted to the emergency department. The nurse anticipates that which of the following routes will be ordered for analgesics for this client?

a. intramuscular
b. intravenous
c. oral
d. subcutaneous

47. A nurse is performing a skin assessment of a client who is immobile and notes the presence of partial thickness skin loss of the upper layer of the skin in the sacral area. The nurse documents these findings as a:

a. stage 1 pressure ulcer
b. stage 2 pressure ulcer
c. stage 3 pressure ulcer
d. stage 4 pressure ulcer

48. A student nurse is instructed by the registered nurse to monitor a client who has dark skin for cyanosis. The registered nurse determines that the student needs instructions regarding physical assessment techniques for the dark-skinned client if the student states that the best area to assess for cyanosis was in the:

a. nail beds
b. lips
c. sclera of the eye
d. tongue

49. A client with severe psoriasis has a nursing diagnosis of Chronic Low Self-Esteem. The nurse uses which therapeutic strategy when working with this client?

a. listening attentively
b. pretending not to notice affected skin areas
c. keeping communications brief
d. approaching the client in a formal manner

50. A nurse caring for a client who sustained a high-voltage electrical injury analyzes the client’s test results. Which finding would the nurse interpret as increasing the client’s risk of developing acute tubular necrosis?

a. myoglobin in the urine
b. carbonaceous sputum
c. hyperkalemia
d. cloudy cerebrospinal fluid